Cybersecurity, computer security or IT security is the protection of from the theft and damage to their, or, as well as from or of the services they provide. Cybersecurity includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection. Also, due to by operators, whether or accidental, security is susceptible to into deviating from secure procedures through various methods. The field is of growing importance due to the increasing reliance on computer systems and the, such as and, the growth of, including, and tiny devices as part of the Internet of Things. Main article: A vulnerability is a weakness in design, implementation, operation or internal control.

• Pc Matic
• Free Security Software
• News

Boston University Online offers. The demand for cyber security. This course is designed to help students understand and apply the nature of computer crime in. State of Cybercrime 2017: Security events decline. IT is struggling to keep pace with the flow of important security software patches and updates.

Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the (CVE) database. An exploitable vulnerability is one for which at least one working attack or ' exists. Vulnerabilities are often hunted or exploited with the aid of or manually using customized scripts. To secure a computer system, it is important to understand the attacks that can be made against it, and these can typically be classified into one of these categories below: Backdoor A in a computer system, a or an algorithm, is any secret method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls. They may exist for a number of reasons, including by original design or from poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability.

Denial-of-service attacks (DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victims account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the of a, but a range of other techniques are possible including, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim. Direct-access attacks An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly copy data from it. They may also compromise security by making modifications, installing software, or using wireless mice.

Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by-passed by booting another operating system or tool from a or other bootable media. And are designed to prevent these attacks. Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as and have been used by the and to eavesdrop on the systems of. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint transmissions generated by the hardware; is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks. Spoofing. Main article: is the act of masquerading as a valid entity through falsification of data (such as an or username), in order to gain access to information or resources that one is otherwise unauthorized to obtain.

There are several types of spoofing, including:., where an attacker forges the sending ( From, or source) address of an email., where an attacker alters the source IP address in a to hide their identity or impersonate another computing system., where an attacker modifies the of their to pose as a valid user on a network. spoofing, where an attacker produces a fake biometric sample to pose as another user. Tampering describes a malicious modification of products.

So-called and security services planting of surveillance capability into routers are examples. Privilege escalation describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level. For example, a standard computer user may be able to fool the system into giving them access to restricted data; or even to ' and have full unrestricted access to a system. Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details directly from users.

Phishing is typically carried out by or, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Preying on a victim's trust, phishing can be classified as a form of. Clickjacking , also known as 'UI redress attack' or 'User Interface redress attack', is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers.

The attacker is basically ' the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker. Social engineering. See also: aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc.

By, for example, impersonating a bank, a contractor, or a customer. A common scam involves fake CEO emails sent to accounting and finance departments. In early 2016, the reported that the scam has cost US businesses more than $2bn in about two years. In May 2016, the team was the victim of this type of cyber scam with a perpetrator impersonating the team's president, resulting in the handover of all the team's employees' 2015 tax forms.

Information security culture Employee behavior can have a big impact on information security in organizations. See also:, and Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing, seat belt tensioners, door locks, and on many models.

Additionally, may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network. Are expected to be even more complex. All of these systems carry some security risk, and such issues have gained wide attention. Simple examples of risk include a malicious being used as an attack vector, and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping. However, if access is gained to a car's internal, the danger is much greater – and in a widely publicised 2015 test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch. Manufacturers are reacting in a number of ways, with in 2016 pushing out some security fixes 'over the air' into its cars' computer systems. In the area of autonomous vehicles, in September 2016 the announced some initial safety standards, and called for states to come up with uniform policies.

Government Government and computer systems are commonly attacked by activists and foreign powers. Local and regional government infrastructure such as controls, police and intelligence agency communications, student records, and financial systems are also potential targets as they are now all largely computerized. And government that control access to facilities which use can be vulnerable to. Internet of things and physical vulnerabilities The (IoT) is the network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, and buildings that are with, and that enables them to collect and exchange data – and concerns have been raised that this is being developed without appropriate consideration of the security challenges involved. While the IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, it also provides opportunities for misuse.

In particular, as the Internet of Things spreads widely, cyber attacks are likely to become an increasingly physical (rather than simply virtual) threat. If a front door's lock is connected to the Internet, and can be locked/unlocked from a phone, then a criminal could enter the home at the press of a button from a stolen or hacked phone. People could stand to lose much more than their credit card numbers in a world controlled by IoT-enabled devices. Thieves have also used electronic means to circumvent non-Internet-connected hotel door locks. Medical systems.

See also: and have either been successfully attacked or had potentially deadly vulnerabilities demonstrated, including both in-hospital diagnostic equipment and implanted devices including and. There are many reports of hospitals and hospital organizations getting hacked, including attacks, exploits, viruses, and of sensitive data stored on hospital servers. On 28 December 2016 the US released its recommendations for how medical should maintain the security of Internet-connected devices – but no structure for enforcement. Impact of security breaches Serious financial damage has been caused by, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. 'Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to and attacks and to hostile digital acts in general.

The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal.' Security breaches continue to cost businesses billions of dollars but a survey revealed that 66% of security staffs do not believe senior leadership takes cyber precautions as a strategic priority.

However, reasonable estimates of the financial cost of security breaches can actually help organizations make rational investment decisions. According to the classic analyzing the optimal investment level in information security, one can conclude that the amount a firm spends to protect information should generally be only a small fraction of the expected loss (i.e., the of the loss resulting from a cyber/information ). Attacker motivation As with, the motivations for breaches of computer security vary between attackers.

Some are thrill-seekers or, some are activists, others are criminals looking for financial gain. State-sponsored attackers are now common and well resourced, but started with amateurs such as who hacked for the, as recounted by, in. A standard part of for any particular system is to identify what might motivate an attack on that system, and who might be motivated to breach it. The level and detail of precautions will vary depending on the system to be secured. A home, and military face very different threats, even when the underlying technologies in use are similar. Computer protection (countermeasures) In computer security a countermeasure is an action, device, procedure, or technique that reduces a, a, or an by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken. End user security habits.

Reimers and Andersson have conducted a number of studies on end user security habits and found that the same type of repeated education/training in security 'best practices' can have a marked effect on the perception of compliance with good end user network security habits, especially concerning malware and ransomeware. Some common countermeasures are listed in the following sections: Security by design. Main article:, or alternately secure by design, means that the software has been designed from the ground up to be secure. In this case, security is considered as a main feature. Some of the techniques in this approach include:.

The, where each part of the system has only the privileges that are needed for its function. That way even if an gains access to that part, they have only limited access to the whole system.

to prove the correctness of crucial software subsystems. and, approaches to make modules more secure where formal correctness proofs are not possible., where the design is such that more than one subsystem needs to be violated to compromise the integrity of the system and the information it holds. Default secure settings, and design to 'fail secure' rather than 'fail insecure' (see for the equivalent in ). Ideally, a secure system should require a deliberate, conscious, knowledgeable and free decision on the part of legitimate authorities in order to make it insecure. tracking system activity, so that when a security breach occurs, the mechanism and extent of the breach can be determined. Storing audit trails remotely, where they can only be appended to, can keep intruders from covering their tracks.

of all vulnerabilities, to ensure that the ' is kept as short as possible when bugs are discovered. Security architecture The Open Security Architecture organization defines IT security architecture as 'the design that describe how the security controls (security countermeasures) are positioned, and how they relate to the overall.

These controls serve the purpose to maintain the system's quality attributes: confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability and '. Techopedia defines security architecture as 'a unified security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. It also specifies when and where to apply security controls. The design process is generally reproducible.'

The key attributes of security architecture are:. the relationship of different components and how they depend on each other.

the determination of controls based on risk assessment, good practice, finances, and legal matters. the standardization of controls. Security measures A state of computer 'security' is the conceptual ideal, attained by the use of the three processes: threat prevention, detection, and response. These processes are based on various policies and system components, which include the following:. and can protect systems files and data, respectively. are by far the most common prevention systems from a network security perspective as they can (if properly configured) shield access to internal network services, and block certain kinds of attacks through packet filtering.

Firewalls can be both hardware- or software-based. (IDS) products are designed to detect network attacks in-progress and assist in post-attack, while and serve a similar function for individual systems. 'Response' is necessarily defined by the assessed security requirements of an individual system and may cover the range from simple upgrade of protections to notification of authorities, counter-attacks, and the like. In some special cases, a complete destruction of the compromised system is favored, as it may happen that not all the compromised resources are detected. Today, computer security comprises mainly 'preventive' measures, like firewalls or an.

A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the (or, in the case of most -based operating systems such as, built into the operating system ) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called 'physical firewall', which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the. Some organizations are turning to platforms, such as, to extend data accessibility and to detect. However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: 'Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets'. The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated 'detection' systems.

Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using that puts criminals behind bars. Vulnerability management. Main article: Vulnerability management is the cycle of identifying, and remediating or mitigating, especially in and. Vulnerability management is integral to computer security and. Vulnerabilities can be discovered with a, which analyzes a computer system in search of known vulnerabilities, such as, insecure software configuration, and susceptibility to Beyond vulnerability scanning, many organisations contract outside security auditors to run regular against their systems to identify vulnerabilities.

In some sectors this is a contractual requirement. Reducing vulnerabilities While of the correctness of computer systems is possible, it is not yet common. Operating systems formally verified include, and 's – but these make up a very small percentage of the market. Properly implemented is now virtually impossible to directly break. Breaking them requires some non-cryptographic input, such as a stolen key, stolen plaintext (at either end of the transmission), or some other extra cryptanalytic information.

Is a method for mitigating unauthorized access to a system or sensitive information. It requires 'something you know'; a password or PIN, and 'something you have'; a card, dongle, cellphone, or other piece of hardware. This increases security as an unauthorized person needs both of these to gain access. The more tight we are on security measures, the less unauthorized hacks there will be. Social engineering and direct computer access (physical) attacks can only be prevented by non-computer means, which can be difficult to enforce, relative to the sensitivity of the information. Training is often involved to help mitigate this risk, but even in a highly disciplined environments (e.g.

Military organizations), social engineering attacks can still be difficult to foresee and prevent. Enoculation, derived from, seeks to prevent social engineering and other fraudulent tricks or traps by instilling a resistance to persuasion attempts through exposure to similar or related attempts. It is possible to reduce an attacker's chances by keeping systems up to date with security patches and updates, using a security scanner or/and hiring competent people responsible for security.

The effects of data loss/damage can be reduced by careful and. Zaxwerks 3d invigorator pro. Hardware protection mechanisms. See also: While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated ) required in order to be compromised.

Each of these is covered in more detail below. USB are typically used in software licensing schemes to unlock software capabilities, but they can also be seen as a way to prevent unauthorized access to a computer or other device's software.

The dongle, or key, essentially creates a secure encrypted tunnel between the software application and the key. The principle is that an encryption scheme on the dongle, such as (AES) provides a stronger measure of security, since it is harder to hack and replicate the dongle than to simply copy the native software to another machine and use it. Another security application for dongles is to use them for accessing web-based content such as cloud software or (VPNs). In addition, a USB dongle can be configured to lock or unlock a computer. (TPMs) secure devices by integrating cryptographic capabilities onto access devices, through the use of microprocessors, or so-called computers-on-a-chip. TPMs used in conjunction with server-side software offer a way to detect and authenticate hardware devices, preventing unauthorized network and data access.

refers to a push-button switch which is triggered when a computer case is opened. The firmware or BIOS is programmed to show an alert to the operator when the computer is booted up the next time. Drive locks are essentially software tools to encrypt hard drives, making them inaccessible to thieves.

Tools exist specifically for encrypting external drives as well. Disabling USB ports is a security option for preventing unauthorized and malicious access to an otherwise secure computer. Infected USB dongles connected to a network from a computer inside the firewall are considered by the magazine Network World as the most common hardware threat facing computer networks. Mobile-enabled access devices are growing in popularity due to the ubiquitous nature of cell phones. Built-in capabilities such as, the newer (LE), (NFC) on non-iOS devices and validation such as thumb print readers, as well as reader software designed for mobile devices, offer new, secure ways for mobile phones to connect to access control systems. These control systems provide computer security and can also be used for controlling access to secure buildings.

Secure operating systems. Main article: One use of the term 'computer security' refers to technology that is used to implement secure. In the 1980s the (DoD) used the standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, ' defines a number of progressively more stringent. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being 'Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed', but the required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ('Semiformally Verified Design and Tested') system is, which is used in the and several military jets.

Secure coding. Main articles: and Within computer systems, two of many capable of enforcing privilege separation are (ACLs) and.

Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice.

Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws. Capabilities have been mostly restricted to research, while commercial OSs still use ACLs. Capabilities can, however, also be implemented at the language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open source project in the area is the.

The most secure computers are those not connected to the Internet and shielded from any interference. In the real world, the most secure systems are where is not an add-on. Response to breaches Responding forcefully to attempted (in the manner that one would for attempted physical security breaches) is often very difficult for a variety of reasons:. Identifying attackers is difficult, as they are often in a different to the systems they attempt to breach, and operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymising procedures which make backtracing difficult and are often located in yet another jurisdiction. If they successfully breach security, they are often able to delete to cover their tracks.

The sheer number of attempted attacks is so large that organisations cannot spend time pursuing each attacker (a typical home user with a permanent (e.g., ) connection will be attacked at least several times per day, so more attractive targets could be presumed to see many more). Note however, that most of the sheer bulk of these attacks are made by automated and. are often unfamiliar with, and so lack the skills and interest in pursuing attackers. There are also budgetary constraints.

It has been argued that the high cost of technology, such as testing, and improved mean less money for other kinds of law enforcement, so the overall rate of criminals not getting dealt with goes up as the cost of the technology increases. In addition, the identification of attackers across a network may require logs from various points in the network and in many countries, the release of these records to law enforcement (with the exception of being voluntarily surrendered by a or a ) requires a and, depending on the circumstances, the legal proceedings required can be drawn out to the point where the records are either regularly destroyed, or the information is no longer relevant. Types of security and privacy. (CAD). (IDS).

(IPS). Anti-theft. Parental control. Software and operating system updating Notable attacks and breaches.

Main article: In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On 2 November 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first internet '. The software was traced back to 23-year-old graduate student who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'. Rome Laboratory In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of 's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.

TJX customer credit card details In early 2007, American apparel and home goods company announced that it was the victim of an and that the hackers had accessed a system that stored data on, and merchandise return transactions. Stuxnet attack The computer worm known as reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's by disrupting industrial (PLCs) in a targeted attack generally believed to have been launched by Israel and the United States – although neither has publicly admitted this. Global surveillance disclosures. Main article: In early 2013, documents provided by were published by and exposing the massive scale of global surveillance. It was also revealed that the NSA had deliberately inserted a backdoor in a standard for encryption and tapped the links between 's data centres.

Target and Home Depot breaches In 2013 and 2014, a / hacking ring known as 'Rescator' broke into computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using are believed to have played a large role.

'The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting,' says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing. Office of Personnel Management data breach In April 2015, the more than a year earlier in a data breach, resulting in the theft of approximately 21.5 million personnel records handled by the office.

The Office of Personnel Management hack has been described by federal officials as among the largest breaches of government data in the history of the United States. Data targeted in the breach included such as, names, dates and places of birth, addresses, and fingerprints of current and former government employees as well as anyone who had undergone a government background check. It is believed the hack was perpetrated by Chinese hackers but the motivation remains unclear.

Ashley Madison breach. Main article: In July 2015, a hacker group known as 'The Impact Team' successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well.

After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated ' has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.' When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional. Legal issues and global regulation Conflict of laws in cyberspace has become a major cause of concern for computer security community. Some of the main challenges and complaints about the antivirus industry are the lack of global web regulations, a global base of common rules to judge, and eventually punish, and cyber criminals.

There is no global cyber law and cyber security treaty that can be invoked for enforcing global cyber security issues. International legal issues of cyber attacks are complicated in nature. Even if an antivirus firm locates the cybercriminal behind the creation of a particular or piece of or form of, often the local authorities cannot take action due to lack of laws under which to prosecute. Authorship attribution for cyber crimes and cyber attacks is a major problem for all law enforcement agencies. 'Computer viruses switch from one country to another, from one jurisdiction to another – moving around the world, using the fact that we don't have the capability to globally police operations like this.

So the Internet is as if someone had given free plane tickets to all the online criminals of the world.' Use of, and have added own complexities to this situation. Role of government The role of the government is to make to force companies and organizations to protect their systems, infrastructure and information from any, but also to protect its own national infrastructure such as the national. The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a free of any government intervention. Where everyone agrees that an improvement on cyber security is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem.

Said during a panel discussion at the in, he believes that the 'industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If the industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through.' On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

International actions Many different teams and organisations exist, including:. The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is the global association of CSIRTs. The, are all members of this international team. The helps protect societies worldwide from the threat of cybercrime through the Convention on Cybercrime. The purpose of the (MAAWG) is to bring the messaging industry together to work collaboratively and to successfully address the various forms of messaging abuse, such as spam, viruses, denial-of-service attacks and other messaging exploitations., are some of the members of the MAAWG. ENISA: The (ENISA) is an with the objective to improve network and in the.

Europe CSIRTs in Europe collaborate in the task force TF-CSIRT. 's Trusted Introducer service provides an accreditation and certification scheme for CSIRTs in Europe. A full list of known CSIRTs in Europe is available from the Trusted Introducer website. National actions Computer emergency response teams.

Main article: There is growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theater of warfare. As Mark Clayton from the described in an article titled 'The New Cyber Arms Race': In the future, wars will not just be fought by soldiers with guns or with planes that drop bombs.

They will also be fought with the click of a mouse a half a world away that unleashes carefully weaponized computer programs that disrupt or destroy critical industries like utilities, transportation, communications, and energy. Such attacks could also disable military networks that control the movement of troops, the path of jet fighters, the command and control of warships. This has led to new terms such as and. The was created in 2009 and many other countries. Job market Cybersecurity is a fast-growing field of concerned with reducing organizations' risk of hack or data breach. According to research from the Enterprise Strategy Group, 46% of organizations say that they have a 'problematic shortage' of cybersecurity skills in 2016, up from 28% in 2015.

Commercial, government and non-governmental organizations all employ cybersecurity professionals. The fastest increases in demand for cybersecurity workers are in industries managing increasing volumes of consumer data such as finance, health care, and retail.

However, the use of the term 'cybersecurity' is more prevalent in government job descriptions. Cybersecurity is increasingly affected by Department of Defense (DoD) Dir. 8570.1M and 8140.

8570.1 was enacted in 2004 and mandates specific industry credentials for certain positions with DoD or any contractor working for DoD. Research on college students and high school students has been done to determine whether relevant Information Technology industry certification is an asset to the teaching profession as they appear to be in the business world. Andersson, D. (2009), Information Technology Industry Certification’s Impact on Undergraduate Student Perception of Instructor Effectiveness., UMI Dissertation Publishing Group, Volume 7005A.

Publication No. 3358241 Reimers, K. (2009), Impact of Information Technology (IT) Industry Certification on the Achievement of High School Students Enrolled in Technology Courses. Andersson and Reimers found that CIS/IT students were keenly aware if their instructors had them. For example, certain certifications DOD 8570.1M are the only commercial certifications that the Department of Defense will accept towards meeting their Information Assurance hiring requirements. Typical cyber security job titles and descriptions include: Security analyst Analyzes and assesses vulnerabilities in the infrastructure (software, hardware, networks), investigates using available tools and countermeasures to remedy the detected vulnerabilities, and recommends solutions and best practices.

Analyzes and assesses damage to the data/infrastructure as a result of security incidents, examines available recovery tools and processes, and recommends solutions. Tests for compliance with security policies and procedures. May assist in the creation, implementation, or management of security solutions. Security engineer Performs security monitoring, security and data/logs analysis, and forensic analysis, to detect security incidents, and mounts the incident response. Investigates and utilizes new technologies and processes to enhance security capabilities and implement improvements. May also review code or perform other methodologies.

Pc Matic

Security architect Designs a security system or major components of a security system, and may head a security design team building a new security system. Security administrator Installs and manages organization-wide security systems. May also take on some of the tasks of a security analyst in smaller organizations. Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) A high-level management position responsible for the entire information security division/staff. The position may include hands-on technical work. Chief Security Officer (CSO) A high-level management position responsible for the entire security division/staff.

A newer position now deemed needed as security risks grow. Security Consultant/Specialist/Intelligence Broad titles that encompass any one or all of the other roles or titles tasked with protecting computers, networks, software, data or information systems against viruses, worms, spyware, malware, intrusion detection, unauthorized access, denial-of-service attacks, and an ever increasing list of attacks by hackers acting as individuals or as part of organized crime or foreign governments.

Student programs are also available to people interested in beginning a career in cybersecurity. Meanwhile, a flexible and effective option for professionals of all experience levels to keep studying is online security training, including webcasts. Terminology The following terms used with regards to engineering secure systems are explained below. Access restricts access to a computer to the group of users through the use of systems. These systems can protect either the whole computer – such as through an interactive screen – or individual services, such as an server.

There are many methods for identifying and authenticating users, such as, and, more recently, and systems. consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart and eliminate and other malicious software. are, so general practice is to to install them; to install only those which are known to be reputable – and to reduce the by installing as few as possible. They are typically run with, with a robust process in place to identify, test and install any released or updates for them. techniques can be used to ensure that communication end-points are who they say they are. and other verification tools can enable critical algorithms and code used in secure systems to be mathematically proven to meet their specifications. are one or more copies kept of important computer files.

Free Security Software

Typically multiple copies, (e.g. Daily weekly and monthly), will be kept in different location away from the original, so that they are secure from damage if the original location has its security breached by an attacker, or is destroyed or damaged by natural disasters. and techniques can be used to ensure privilege separation and mandatory access control. Discusses their use. techniques can be used to attempt to ensure that all software loaded has been certified as authentic by the system's designers. is the nondisclosure of information except to another authorized person.

techniques can be used to defend data in transit between systems, reducing the probability that data exchanged between systems can be intercepted or modified. is an internet-based conflict that involves politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. Such attacks can, for example, disable official websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple financial systems.

News

is the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record. Techniques involve transforming information, scrambling it so it becomes unreadable during transmission. The intended recipient can unscramble the message; ideally, eavesdroppers cannot. is used to protect the message from the eyes of others. Secure are designed to make any practical attempt of infeasible. Ciphers are suitable for bulk encryption using, and using can provide a practical solution for the problem of securely communicating when no key is shared in advance.

software helps networks to prevent exfiltration (data theft) and virus infection at network entry points made vulnerable by the prevalence of potentially infected portable computing devices, such as laptops and mobile devices, and external storage devices, such as USB drives. serve as a gatekeeper system between networks, allowing only traffic that matches defined rules. They often include detailed, and may include and features. They are near-universal between company and the Internet, but can also be used internally to impose traffic rules between networks if is configured. are computers that are intentionally left vulnerable to attack by crackers. They can be used to catch crackers and to identify their techniques.

can scan a network for people that are on the network but who should not be there or are doing things that they should not be doing, for example trying a lot of passwords to gain access to the network. A is an approach to operating system design which has only the near-minimum amount of code running at the most privileged level – and runs other elements of the operating system such as device drivers, protocol stacks and file systems, in the safer, less privileged. The standard 'ping' application can be used to test if an IP address is in use.

If it is, attackers may then try a to detect which services are exposed. A is used to probe an IP address for, and hence identify network services running there. is the use of deception to manipulate individuals to breach security. Scholars.

Virtual Safety Costs Real Money Today, every government, company and individual who goes online is at risk. As of 2012, computer miscreants claimed 12 cybercrime victims per second with the average cost per victim rising by 50% to a combined total of $113 billion over a 12-month period. With the growth in the mobile space, cyber crooks have cast their net beyond traditional PCs and laptops, with one in three tablet and smartphone users also hit by cyber crime last year.1 Corporates are increasingly ratcheting up their spending on fighting these threats as more executives are using their personal devices at work and 85% of business executives cite cyber attacks as their primary risk concern.2 As a result, companies involved in the business of cyber security have an attractive opportunity to gain new customers and increase revenues. 17.6% PANW 3.5% 0.4% 17.4% CHKP 1.6% 0.1% 13.5% 8xxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 5.9% 8xxxxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 5.6% 8xxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% - 4.2% 8xxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 3.1% 8xxxxxxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 2.9% 8xxxxxxx 8xxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 2.0% 8xxxx 8xxx 8xxxxxxx 8xxxxxxxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 1.8% 8xxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 1.3% 8xxxxx 8xxx 8xx 88.8% 88.8% 1.3% 8xxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 1.1% 8xx 8xxx 8xxxxxx 8xxxxxxxxxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 1.0% 8xxxxxx 8xxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 0.9% 8xx 8xxxxxxx 8xxx 8xxx 88.8% 88.8% 20.3% Endpoint Solutions 3.8% 1.6%. Standard pricing: $9.95 total commission per motif transaction.

Other fees may apply. For details on fees and commissions, please Performance returns indicate the performance of a particular security over that stated period of time as of the date provided. Performance is quoted for informational purposes only, however, there is no guarantee those returns will continue.

Performance returns, including 1-month Return/Return Since Inception/1-year returns indicates the performance of this particular motif over that stated period of time as of the date provided. Performance is quoted for informational purposes only, however, there is no guarantee those returns will continue. System response time and account access times may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. Time shown in Eastern Time unless otherwise specified.

Investing in securities involves risks, you should be aware of prior to making an investment decision, including the possible loss of principal. An investment in individual stocks, or a collection of stocks focused on a particular theme or idea, such as a motif, may be subject to increased risk of price fluctuation over more diversified holdings due to adverse developments which can affect a particular industry or sector.

Investments in ETFs can include those with a narrow or targeted investment strategy and can be subject to similar sector risks than more broadly diversified investments. Motif makes no representation regarding the suitability of a particular investment or investment strategy. You are responsible for all investment decisions you make including understanding the risks involved with your investment strategy.